AIOU Solved Assignment 1 and 2 Code 8606 Autumn and Spring

 

AIOU B. Ed Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)  | Solved Assignment 1. 

Q. 5 

Discuss the role of religious groups in influencing social behavior. Explain the importance of economic, political and educational institutions in the society. 

Answer

Social Institutions

An institution is a mechanism of social cooperation that governs the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human community. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and stability that helps individuals to excel in their lives and intentions. Every society has structures that provide a common social framework. These structures can be broadly referred to as social institutions and are distinct from any organization that results from the political realm. 

The term "institution" is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service. As structures and mechanisms of social order among humans, institutions are one of the principal objects of study in the social sciences, such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology. Institutions are also a central concern for law, the formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement. 

The term social institution encompasses everything from marriage, to schools, celebrations, rituals, sports, organized social groups, and various religions. It is these institutions that provide opportunities for social interaction and development and which frequently regulate our daily lives. 

“Social institutions are those ways of interrelationship in society which are eternal and acknowledge by the society.” (C.L.Wood) 

“Social institution is the name of inter coordination of social relationships.” (Young and Mac) 

“Social institution is an organization of several folkways, mores, and norms which undertake different functions for the betterment of society.” (Green) 

“Social institution represents the social structure and machinery through which human society organizes, directs and executes the multifarious activities, required to satisfy human needs.” (H. L. Barners)     

Role of religious institutions in influencing social behavior

Another topic that has about as much diversity as today’s educational system is that of religion. Diana Kendall states “Religion is a system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals, based on some sacred or supernatural realm, that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life and unites believers into a community”. Religion can commonly be seen as man’s (or woman’s) explanation to many unanswerable questions such as the meaning of life. It tells us “why we exist, why people suffer and die, and what happens when we die” according to our textbooks. The religions that are created are categorized by their beliefs and gods. Religions entail beliefs about the world, universal order, and good, spiritual beings and powers, as well as rituals and ceremonies. 

For many peoples, religion is not separated into a separate sphere of life but is part of the fabric of society, making "conversion" difficult, because of the "religious" identity of the society. Concepts of loyalty, identity, faithfulness, and personhood are in this category. Political and religious institutions are often related. This may involve "religious" ceremonies of cultural identity. We learn a lot from our cultural heritage. Our religion also gives us an identity as our family and community. 

We are influenced by our religious teachings and practices. One feels solidarity and brotherhood with the people following the same religion. It also gives a feeling of security. Usually, our religion is determined by birth. The important thing to remember is that whatever religious practices we follow, there are certain basic truths and values which are common to all. Religion teaches us to be truthful, not to steal, not to cheat anyone, love our fellow beings, be tolerant, be good to others, and so on. Our religion is a way of life. If we follow the above tenets we will play a positive role in every share of life. We have to learn to use religion in a positive way. 

While following one’s own religious practices one should be respectful to people following other religions. Religion and faith give us inner strength, the strength to face a difficult situation in life. Religion also teaches us to lead a disciplined life. Though religion influences us a great deal, a lot depends on the kind of interpretations that is passed on to us. We are all familiar with the famous lines of our Great poet Allama Iqbal “Mazahab nahni Sikhata aapas mai bair rekhna” No religion teachers us to fight with each other. But we see different religious groups fighting. We should try to understand the process behind it. 

If people follow the true spirit and teachings of their religion it can have a very good influence in building their outlook and personalities. 

The Specific Function of Religious Institutions

• Providing solutions for unexplained natural, phenomena. 

• Supplying a means for controlling the natural world. 

• Religion tends to support the normative structure of society. 

• Furnishing a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations. 

• Sustaining the existing class structure.

• Religion serves as an instrument of socialization. 

• Religious institutes may both promote and retard social change.

•   Religion may both reduce and encourage conflict in groups.

Importance of economic institutions in the society

Sociologists understand the economy as the set of arrangements by which a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods, services, and other resources. Economic Institutions involve the production of goods and the organization of labor, the provision of care, and similar factors, not just money, buying, and selling. Every society has systems of provision or procurement. According to Diana Kendall, “economy is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services”. It is obvious that a country’s political, legal, economic, and social institutions will affect its rate of economic growth. However, it is much more difficult to identify exactly which institutions matter and exactly how they matter. This is an issue of some practical importance. 

Countries are free to redesign their institutions in order to improve their economic performance. But, unless they can pinpoint the beneficial aspects of particular institutions, the only option is to import wholesale the institutional structures of another, more economically successful country. 

Economies have come in many different forms throughout the years. The way of improving an economy has even changed based on the situation a nation is currently in pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial. Pre-industrial economies are part of a more hunting and gathering culture. Industrial economies depend on alternative sorts of energy and machinery. Postindustrial economies rely on the provision of sources and contain fast food, transportation, and technology. Industrial and post-industrial economies generally come in two categories: capitalism and socialism. 

i. Capitalism: 

Capitalism is a system of economics defined by a market owned and control by private citizens. The advantages of capitalism are the private ownership of property that produces income and competition to keep prices in check. The disadvantage, however, is the lack of government intervention which is what makes capitalism work best. ii. Socialism The alternative economic theory to capitalism is socialism. Socialism is the act by which all goods are publicly owned and operated.

 The three features that make up the socialist theory are public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision-making. In the ideal socialist economic theory, the term is interchangeable with communism and the ideal communism has no separation of social classes or differentiation between leaders and people. In fact, there would ideally be no leader whatsoever involved in “pure” socialism or communism. The more often chosen economic theory is a mixture of capitalism and socialism that has been seen to benefit the most involved (Kendall, 2006).

 The economic institution is the system of organizations. For example, capitalism is a particular kind of economic institution, and in modern times capitalism consists in large part in specific organizational forms; including multi-national corporations; organized into a system. As a whole, politics and the economy are strongly tied together now and always. Economies organize how society creates, distributes, and uses its goods and services. Today, we live in a global economy in which the economic system of capitalism dominates. 

Goods and services are created and sold, for-profit, across national borders at an increasingly rapid pace. Inequality among nations is related to what each contributes to and takes from the global economy.

 Specific Functions of Economical Institutions

• Provide methods for the production of goods and services.

• Provide methods for the distribution of goods and services.

• Enable society’s members to consume goods and services which are produced

Importance of political institutions in the society

Politics is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups. Politics is present in every society today in the form of a government or state. Political sociology is the process in which politics is studied in relation to other factors such as the economy, education, or media (Kendall, 2006). Every society has an organizational principle, with authority figures, with defined roles and obligations. There are written or oral laws.

 Some societies are tightly knitted, while others are very loosely organized. Institutions that pertain to the governance of a society, its formal distribution of authority, its use of force, and its relationships to other societies and political units. The state, an important political institution in modern societies, is the apparatus of governance over a particular territory. Politics brings about power and authority to those with power.

 Unfortunately, politics oftentimes brings about corruption and abuse of the power or authority gained. Those with power will very likely try to confuse their abuse of power forcefulness used to gain that power by falsely showing they have authority (Kendall, 2006). Authority, while being a legitimate show of power, has a few ideal forms. The three types of authority as defined by Max Weber are traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. Traditional authority is classified being a long-standing custom that weakens as traditions weaken. Charismatic authority is defined by a leader’s outstanding qualities and accomplishments, but it is generally unstable leading to only a temporary solution. Finally, rational-legal authority is the common authority as written by law and the authority lies with the office, not the person (Kendall, 2006). As with the types of authority, there are also four major theories of political systems. These political systems found in what is today known as nation-states are monarchy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and democracy. A monarchy is a system in which power is passed down to each generation in a family by inheritance. 

Authoritarianism is a political system where the government is controlled by a selected few people and no one is allowed to enter the government by a popular vote. Totalitarianism is a stepped-up version of authoritarianism in which not only is no one allowed to participate in the government, but that outside of the government are controlled in both their personal lives and otherwise. The final form of government is the one in which Americans know best: democracy. A democracy is a government where the people rule either directly or indirectly through representatives (Kendall, 2006). 

Now we look to the opposing perspectives of politics in the form of functionalists and conflict theorists. The functionalists believe in a pluralist model of government. The pluralist model distributes power in the system to many interest groups. The interest groups gain power by influencing those in the government. Some interest groups, known as political action committees, even go as far as raising money for various candidates in order to gain political power. Conflict theorists counter the functionalist’s pluralist model with their own elite model. The elite model implies that all power in government is granted to a small minority with the rest of the population only desiring that power. The elite can be either a group known as the power elite or the ruling class. For either grouping, the people in power are those at the top of their industry. The government of a country directly affects the economy of a nation.

a) The Specific Functions of Political Institutions

• The Institutionalization of norms (Laws).

• The enforcement of laws.

• The adjudication of conflict (Court).

• Provide for the welfare of members of society.

• Protection of Society from external threats.

Importance of educational institutions in the society

Education and religion have both been important factors in many societies around the world. Both shape how our societies interact within our own society and with other

societies around us. The shaping of our societies begins with our families and friends shaping how our future lives will take place. This is when formal education and religion are brought about. Even in "primitive" societies, there are highly developed methods of conveying knowledge and values. These methods will affect the reception of new ideas. The effective communicator learns and uses the insider formats and channels. As the child grows he/she comes in contact with neighborhood children and people.

 This extended group forms the community or social environment. The child’s thinking and behavioral patterns are influenced by them too. Our community does not consist of our neighbors alone. Our friends, people who follow the same religion and religious practices; people belonging to the same caste, all are part of the community we belong to. In fact, all the people we come in close contact with are part of our community. All these people play an important role in the child’s development. When the child starts going to school he/she meets many children coming from different backgrounds. 

All this forms part of the child’s social environment. After family, the child’s teachers and peer group are the second-largest influence in a child’s life. By peer group, it is meant the fellow students, neighborhood children, and people of the same age group. As you have read in the lesson on adolescence that at this age peer group Social Institutions becomes even more important them parents, simply because at this age children spend longer time with them than their parents. Diana Kendall said, “Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure”. Functionalists believe education is one of the most important parts of our society. There are both manifest and latent functions of education. (Kendall, 2006) The manifest functions of education are socialization, the transmission of culture, social control, social placement, and change and innovation. Socialization is the subject matter learned according to age and skill level. 

Transmission of culture is how people learn of new cultures and those new to our culture are assimilated into our society. Social control teaches students how to maintain order in their society via discipline and the following of rules.

 Social placement determines who is best suited for what job in their society. Finally, change and innovation are simply what it appears to be: students bring about change and make things new and better. (Kendall, 2006) 90 The last leg of education is college. Universities provide students with major degrees that they can take with them to gain high-paying jobs that are worthy of their hard work for so many years of school. Education enables a person to fulfill his dreams by attaining a degree and get a job of this own choice. Just like the segregation in middle and high schools, there is much cultural diversity in a college. Students are subject to the sight of those that may or may not be of the same racial and ethnic background as themselves as the college continues. (Kendall, 2006) a) The Impact of School These are the most formative years of a child’s life. 

As the child grows he/she go to school. In the child’s development school plays the second most important role. Its role is almost as important as family. A school and a college are called Alma Mater. It is derived from a Latin word meaning nourishing (dear) mother. In this period of life, teachers are like parents to him/her. He/she listens to them, loves them, fears them, and respects them. Children are taught many things at school. They not only learn to read and write but learn to work in a group, in a team. 

One can say that the family sows a seed that blossoms into a flower in the school. A child’s skill development takes place at schools. He discovers his/her talent and capacities. He/she learns to make friends, to get along with others, to socialize to be disciplined, and to be a responsible citizen. School is the place where the child receives most of his education. Education includes imparting knowledge, training, and guidance. Although education is a lifelong process, the main role at school is to develop the child’s inborn capacities and talents in such a way that a child can use them lifelong. During this period character building also takes place. One learns about culture and religion.

 Education is important from both individual and society’s points of view. At the individual level a child’s physical, mental, spiritual, cultural capacity, personality, and character-building have to be taken care of. From society’s point of view, one has to develop into a responsible citizen, serve the society and country in a selfless manner, try to remove the social evils, help to build a better society, develop leadership qualities, and learn to live and serve in a democratic manner. At the social level too there has to be an emotional bonding. One learns to take pride in one’s culture, religion, community, and country.

 School education also takes into account the progress taking place in the world in different fields. Every day new scientific discoveries and inventions are taking place. Science and Technology are developing in leaps and bounds. A child should know and learn about them in such a way that they are useful for future career and life. To sum up, education should be such that it helps in the overall development of the child. 

Children are also influenced by the kind of books they read. Here parental and teacher guidance plays an important role. Reading is a good habit. Here the context is the books outside the school syllabus. Reading not only improves knowledge it gives greater command over the language. It increases the child’s vocabulary. Books are storehouses of knowledge, and knowledge is power. Knowledge gives self-confidence and maturity and helps to develop a person fully.

b) The Specific Functions of Educational Institutions

• Transmitting culture.

• Preparation for occupational roles

• Evaluating and selecting competent individuals

• Transmitting functional skills for functioning in society.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 and 2 Code 8606 Autumn and Spring

 AIOU B. Ed Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)  | Solved Assignment 1. 

Q. 4

 Explain the functions of different agencies in socialization. Determine the role and responsibilities of teacher in socialization.    

Answer

Meaning of Socialization

The meaning of the term socialization varies from content to content and community to community. Therefore some of the definitions are presented below: 

1. Socialization is the process whereby individuals are made aware of behaviors that are expected of them with regards to the norms, beliefs, attitudes, and values of the society in which they live.

2. Socialization refers to the ways in which people learn to conform to their society's norms, values, and roles. 

3. Socialization – the process by which an individual learns how to interact with others and becomes a member of society. Socialization is a complex, lifelong process. We are all products of our social experience.

4. The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, language, social skills, and value to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community. It is a combination of both self-imposed (because the individual wants to conform) and externally imposed rules and the expectations of the others. In an organizational setting, socialization refers to the process through which a new employee learns the ropes,' by becoming sensitive to the formal and informal power structure and the explicit and implicit rules of behavior. See also organizational culture and orientation. 

5. Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. We begin learning from others during the early days of life, and most people continue their social learning all through life (unless some mental or physical disability slows or stops the learning process). Sometimes the learning is fun, as when we learn a new sport, art or musical technique from a friend we like. At other times, social learning is painful, as when we learn not to drive too fast by receiving a large fine for speeding. 

6. Socialization is a gradual process of learning. The newborn child is not taught all the things about social life at once. It proceeds from simplicity to complexity. During the early stages of life (infancy and childhood) socialization takes place within the 'simple' limited social world. Gradually this social world becomes broader and broader and the child is confronted with several things to learn and adjust

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8. Socialization is the process by which human beings as material organisms living with other material organisms must learn to pattern their behavior and adapt it to the ways of acting that are considered appropriate to that society in which they live. Basically, it's how you learn how to act. 

9. The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as socialization. During socialization, we learn the language of the culture we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life.

10. Socialization is the means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning members of their society, and is the most influential learning process one can experience. 

11.  Socialization is a general term for many different ways and processes by which children come to be able to function as members of their social community. It is in part a process of learning and in part a process of being taught, but modern views of socialization also stress the active role of children in making sense of their social world and constructing their own ways of being part of their social group. There are also strong predispositions, visible even in very young infants, to engage and interact with other people in preference to all the other objects in the world. Infants seem to be born as social beings. 

12. Socialization, the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society). According to most social scientists, socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as children.

13.  Socialization is also a long, drawn-out process and in some respects can continue throughout our whole lifetime: for example when adults find themselves interacting with people from unfamiliar cultures. Even when we join a new social group in our own culture there may be a need to adjust to new ways of behaving. 

 Agencies of Socialization

 Agencies of socialization are categorized into two as primary and secondary. Primary agents familiarize a child with society and family is a crucial primary agent of socialization. Secondary agents or agencies familiarize a child with an organized place or institution and it is more systematic than primary agents of socialization. The best example is none other than the school wherein there is a particular set of rules and regulations to be followed. Family, school, peer groups, mass media, education institutions, workplaces, religion, and politics are key agents of socialization. 

Family 

Family is the most important and crucial institution of socializing a child. Soon after the birth, a child has to be with the mother and the child learns particular behavioral patterns from her. Of course, this is a crucial experience in his/her life. Subsequently, he/she learns to interact with other members/individuals in the family. Activities such as sucking milk, smiling, carefulness, and tottering are important in primary socialization. The infant gets fulfilled all physical and psychological needs within the family itself. Child-rearing practices such as nutrition, sleeping, and use of toilets are to be trained at home. However, all these practices keep changing from society to society. In Asian countries these practices are experienced with simplicity and relaxation on the contrary rigid practices are followed in western countries since in western countries such as Britain, France, Germany, etc, the mother does not be with the child for a long period of time. However, Asian mother stays with the child for a long period in comparison to western mother. In addition to child-rearing practices, rewarding, threatening, punishing, bargaining, and pleading help to socialize a particular child. The intention of all these methods is to make the child conformed to society. As far as sociologists are concerned, early childhood experiences affect personality development. Both love and affection of parents strongly influence the development of his personality. At the same time, lack of warmth, love, and affection form an affectionless figure or personality. When a particular individual has both over-affection, he becomes an unbalanced character. The individual who has excessive love and affection is not self-confident while those who are rejected can be harmful to society. 

School 

The school is another important and crucial agent of socialization. The child who has been with the family for years extends his relationship with the outer society through school. The child receives his school education from six to eighteen years. The school is known as a microsystem and it is an institution where learning takes place and individuals develop. The school provides the intellectual and social experiences from which individuals develop knowledge, skills, customs, beliefs, interests, and attitudes that characterize them and shape their abilities to perform adult roles. 

However, the provision of good members to society is the objective of education. Subject knowledge which is being taught by a set of teachers is exclusively a new experience. 

However, just after the admission to the school emotional bond and relationship the child had with the family and its members keeps reducing. The child is able to develop his skills through the new environment. At the same time, he has the ability to identify the school as a place where his ideas and activities are appreciated and admired. The rewards he receives as appreciation, commendation, etc, may influence the formation of his personality. Imitation affects the formation of the personality of an individual. The child has the opportunity to associates closely with the teacher in subject-oriented activities and in extracurricular activities. He is motivated to imitate his teachers. The personality of the child is formed by following and imitating not only external characteristics of teachers such as accent, behavior, handwriting, etc but also their ideas and opinions as well.

 Peer Groups 

A peer group is a social group consisting of people who are equal in such respects as age, education, or social class. Friendship groups and age grades are also known as peer groups. In course of a child's growth, he is motivated to be with friends of his age. It is mainly prominent from teen ages to adulthood. The socialization that takes place with peers is different from those of the family and school. Similar tastes, likes, dislikes, and ideas influence the formation of such groups. 

Those who like sports and music get together and form into groups is such an example. In peer groups, the child acquires a greater understanding in respect of conforming to laws and regulations. The child who does not conform to standard laws and regulations is rejected with ease from his group. Not being able to abide by the rules and regulations of the sports team and being unable to obey the order of its leader may be subjected to ejection. According to the ideas and activities of the members, certain controlling methods such as commending, accepting, punishing, or rejecting are operative within a group. 

Children who are disobedient to their children may be subjected to the ideas and control of such groups. Peer groups are important as a place wherein an individual could discuss certain issues, problems, and matters which cannot be discussed with their adults in the family or school. Owing to movement with peers, a particular individual is able to solve certain problems. Socialization takes place by imitating the individuals who are appreciated by the peer group as well. Things such as accent, fashions, hairstyles, ways of behavior, etc, are often imitated. In peer groups, there may be certain notions that are mismatched with the norms of the adults. It can be a reason for creating conflicts between the two groups. Now and then there are situations in which such groups formed can be mismatched with the society and culture. A friendship group abusing intoxicants or drugs is a group that is incompatible with the culture of the society. The socialization that takes place by peer groups may strongly affect the formation of the personality of an individual. 

Mass Media 

Theorists, like Parsons, and textbook authors, like Ely Chinoy (1960), and Harry M. Johnson (1961), recognized that socialization didn't stop when childhood ended. They realized that socialization continued on into adulthood, but they treated it as a form of specialized education. Johnson (1961), for example, wrote about the importance of inculcating members of the US Coastguard with a set of values so as to respond to commands and act in unison without question. Some scholars accused theorists of socialization of not recognizing the importance of the mass media which, by the middle of the twentieth century, was becoming more significant as a social force. 

There was concern about the link between television and the education and socialization of children, a concern that continues today, but when it came to adults, the mass media were regarded merely as sources of information and entertainment, rather than molders of personality. Some sociologists and theorists of culture have recognized the power of mass communication as a socialization device. Dennis McQuail recognizes the argument: … the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behavior as represented by the media. An alternative view is that it is a learning process whereby we all learn how to behave in certain situations, and with the expectations which go with a given role or status in society. 

Thus, the media are continually offering pictures of life and models of behavior in advance of actual experience. (McQuail 2005: 494) However, the most important agent of socialization for the development of the child is the mass media. Mass Media are the different processes that facilitate communication between the sender of a message and the receiver of that message. It plays an important role in the socialization of children. In fact, there are many types of media; these include newspapers, magazines, radio, films, CDs, the Internet, and television. These kinds of media, especially television, affect children's and adult's behavior in different ways. Having mass media as one of our major agents of socialization could be very hard on our society today. When watching different TV shows, seeing all those actors and actresses with these great figures hurts many people in society today. In other ways watching TV could be a good thing when an actor or actress is on TV in different shows or music. It could bring many good things like being a role model for an adolescent teenager who wants someone to look up to. Having these agents is a great guideline for people who want to start with a great start with their children or want to be a good communicator. The average family in the United States has at least one television turned on for at least seven hours a day. Television is the biggest mass media in a country and has positive and negative aspects. 

There are some programs which are very helpful with lots of information for the children. For example; on channel thirty-three, there is a good program called "Dora, the Explorer". Children can learn to speak Spanish and also do things such as singing, standing up, and pronouncing words in English. On the same channel, there is also a program called "Blue's Clues". In this program, children learn how to think, sing and discover clues. When children watch these programs, they are not the same people anymore because they can become more knowledgeable. These programs are very good because they change children's minds and make the children different from what they were before. 

However, there are also television programs that affect children negatively which have too much violence, and unfortunately, children love it. Children should not see these kinds of programs because children tend to imitate the fighters. In addition, there are some movies that have a lot of violence and unwanted words and children love these kinds of movies. Children like and learn how to use knives, guns, and explosives because they watch it on TV. Sometimes children take the role of their superheroes in real life because they see their favorite actors using these weapons. For example; when children watch the actor stealing a car on TV, they learn from it and they also want to steal because they want to be like their superheroes. 

Other agencies of socialization

 People are also influenced by other agencies of socialization as well. The other most predominant agent amongst them is religion. Religion or religious conviction forms social and cultural patterns for individuals. The manner in the Muslims dress is not the way for other religious groups. Any religion inculcates moral values such as love and compassion for others. Religions do not permit anyone to engage in adultery and theft and robberies. Also, scouts, youth organizations, the military, and employment settings are some agents of socialization. In some countries, military training is even given to ordinary youths recruited for some other professions since it helps to produce individuals with discipline. 

The Role of Teacher in socialization

 Schools are one of the first places where a kid's behavior and future educational success are shaped. Teachers are carriers of either positive or negative behavior toward students. The reason why the first years of school are so critical is that kids learn the basics of their educational life. Teachers must love their career to pass enthusiasm, to assist, and to provide a warm environment to the students. Teachers are the second mothers for the students because students spend a lot of time with their teachers. At the same time, a real teacher comes through many years of training and experience in the field. In the same way, mothers are not born great mothers but as their experiences with their kids expand, they become experts on the field. We know that mothers look the best for their kids and one of their goals is to raise their kids so they can become professionals and pioneers for society. Some of the mother’s role toward kids is to give them care, love, respect, lead, instruct and try to form a safe and pleasant environment at their homes. 

 A teacher is someone who comes through many years of training and experience in the field. It is urgent for everyone who is a teacher or is planning to become one to get prepared in the field the best they can. All teachers who get prepared will know how to set up rules in the classroom. Those kinds of teachers will probably have fewer problems in their classroom because they will be able to control the classroom. A teacher carries a big responsibility in her classroom. One reason is that all students depend on her/him. Everything the teacher says will have an impact on the students. If the teacher feels joy or feels anger, it will be spread among children because the attitude of the teacher gets contagious. If the teacher laughs, students also laugh, why? Because teachers are responsible for the social behavior in the classroom. If something goes wrong the only responsible is the teacher even if it was not their fault. The teacher must create a warm and protective environment but at the same time, that approach should be professional. 

If students feel secure in the classroom the result will be shown in the academic progress. A good start could be mutual trust with each student. Teachers have the responsibility to know his/her students in the classroom. Each day, the teachers show one of their attitudes that the students are unaware of. Also, the students do the same in order for the teacher to get to know them, too. This is a good exercise to do because it benefits the whole class to break the ice. The first few days most of the students are afraid of the teacher because they do not know the teacher’s personality.

 It will change until the point that the teacher and students discover they have common hobbies with each other. Sometimes, the teacher’s caring attitudes could have a long positive or negative influence on students. Student’s self-esteem could be lifted because it could create ambitions in their minds for future academic success. Psychologically, students could be affected if they have problems with their teachers. One of the results could be that students will avoid going to school. As professional teachers, we do not want any conflict with the students. Sometimes, the behavior of students demonstrates that something is not going right. Therefore, I think teachers must pay attention to any suspicious signs that could bother the student.

 As teachers, our responsibility is to find out what is going on with the students in the classroom. Kids deep in their hearts feel that teachers could help them but sometimes they are afraid to ask the teacher. This issue is very common in school. The students prefer to talk to their friends about their problems and sometimes teachers are the last person to find out about the problem. Sometimes it is the teacher’s fault that students do not seek his/her help because sometimes the teachers do not form a bond of communication. The teacher must let students know how she feels when students do not trust her, maybe it would help students to change their minds about telling the teacher his/her problem. Often, there is a debate about if a teacher should be a role model for students. Teachers are being respected by society because they are viewed as knowledgeable about different subjects of school. Even if teachers do not like to be pointed out as being role models, it is certainly true. Teachers have the qualities to be or become role models for students. Why? Because most teachers respect, love, care, instruct and guide their students to become successful people. Students view teachers as being wise therefore they look up to them. 

 It’s never too late to start a relationship between teacher and students. As humans, sometimes teachers do things that are not correct, however, we always have another chance to do it better. It is believed that teachers need to show respect, care, become role models, make a pleasant environment, treat students right, instruct them but not be totalitarian, and guide them through the road to success. The only people who get the benefits are the students and sometimes it could be negative or positive. A teacher is someone considered as an ideal self or a role model by children. Children see these role models in their parents and also in teachers. Both have a powerful and lasting impact on the behavior and attitudes of children. 

Students know that if they need something they just need to ask them. Kids learn from every lesson the teacher gives. At the same time, students should not look to their teacher to copy them but rather to compare and to see the mistakes to not do them in our lives. Students should concentrate on doing their work and being proud of the way they are. It is essential and crucial for teachers to be prepared because the first years of school are very important for the students. The future education success of the students depends on their first years.

It is difficult to say when this influence starts and when it actually stops. What we know is that impressions form throughout the school years and last a lifetime. It is therefore very important that teachers demonstrate qualities that impress children and they become examples of ideal self for children. Teachers have a responsibility to demonstrate the highest examples of acceptable behavior, be it in class or outside the classroom. In other words, teachers must walk the talk. In classrooms, we impart knowledge to shape young minds, their attitude, their beliefs, values, and their current and future behavior. Our objective should be to produce good citizens well-grounded in Islamic teachings, values, culture, and beliefs- ready to be a member of a responsible society. We know the lasting, deep, and permanent impressions formed by teachers on young minds. 

To be a successful role model, teachers must demonstrate the highest examples in a number of attributes. Honesty is a key attribute that excellent teachers possess. Teachers must be honest in all the interactions and dealings with children. Teachers should never discriminate among children or play favoritism. These are two highly undesirable behaviors that all successful teachers must avoid at all times. A teacher who is seen to be discriminatory or favoring certain children is eroding the motivation and the respect of other children. Such teachers will find it difficult to discharge their responsibilities and earn the respect of the children that are in their care. Another quality that we seek in a successful teacher is affection. Being human beings we all need love and affection. 

So what are the qualities or attributes that we would like to see in teachers who are in charge of influencing or modeling our children? How do we become role models as teachers? There are a number of ways that we can act as role models. For example, punctuality is something that we all should value. A teacher who is repeatedly late to classes will find it difficult to convince the students of the value of this behavior. Similarly, a teacher who appears ill-prepared will find it hard to convince the students of the importance of being organized. 

Children are no exception. Hence, teachers must be affectionate to all the children in their care. It is said that it is the love and affection that children get in this stage of their life that makes them lovable and affectionate human beings later in life. The third quality of a good role model is that teachers should know his or her subject matter. Children expect teachers to be a source of knowledge and information. This is an attribute that cannot be underestimated. Children by their nature have a longing for learning and seek answers to various questions. Teachers should know that children do not take much time to assess the capacity of a teacher. Hence, the teachers must be current with their knowledge and information through continuous learning and development and by being prepared for class. A teacher should never pretend to know the answer to something he or she does not know. This could be seen as an example of being dishonest. Teachers who admit their limitations will also be teaching children the value of being honest and the importance of accepting human limitations, instead of simply justifying their own actions or behavior.

 A good role model also should respect and be appreciated for the problems that children go through in their life. Many children bring into classrooms problems that take place elsewhere. Good teachers should be willing to listen to children's problems and be willing to offer guidance and help wherever possible. In cases, where a teacher is unable to provide further support, a teacher should encourage seeking professional help either in the school or externally. When children know that they can trust and confide in the teachers, they develop confidence and try to address their problems, instead of keeping the problems to themselves. 

This is very important for the emotional well-being of the children and makes them motivated learners. Also, in a technology-friendly world, a teacher should be a role model for the acceptable use of technological equipment such as mobile phones. Technology tends to break the traditionally accepted norms and behaviors in society. For instance, playing music on a bus/ferry loudly is unacceptable as it tends to disturb the privacy of others on the bus/ferry. Likewise, talking loud or simply using the mobile phone in a certain space can be a nuisance to the others who use/share the same space, e.g. a hospital ward. 

Specific Role of Teacher 

1. Teachers are the second mothers for the students because students spend a lot of time with their teachers. 

2. Teachers must love their career to pass enthusiasm, to assist, and to provide a warm environment to the students. 

3. Teachers are carriers of either positive or negative behavior toward students. 

4.  The teacher must create a warm and protective environment but at the same time be professional.

5.  A teacher carries a big responsibility in her classroom. One reason is that all students depend on her/him.

6.  A teacher is someone who comes through many years of training and experience in the field. 

7. Sometimes, the behavior of students demonstrates that something is not going right. Therefore, the teachers must pay attention to any suspicious signs that could bother the student.

8.  Sometimes, the teacher’s caring attitudes could have a long positive or negative influence on students. 

9. Teachers have a responsibility to demonstrate the highest examples of acceptable behavior, be it in class or outside the classroom

10. The teachers must let students know how he/she feels when students do not trust in her. Maybe it would help students to change their minds about telling the teacher his/her problem.

11.  A teacher is someone considered as an ideal self or a role model by children. 

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 and 2 Code 8606 Autumn and Spring

 AIOU B. Ed Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)  | Solved Assignment 1. 

Q. 3 

Discuss the impact of institutional rules on the behavior of an individual

Answer. 

How do institutions affect individuals and their behavior?

Institutions help individuals know how to behave in a given situation, such as when driving in traffic, bargaining at a market, or attending a wedding. Institutions are critical for establishing trust in society. People obey laws because of a whole system of societal beliefs, values, and norms.

What are those institutions that shape the moral behavior of the members of society?

In shorthand form, or as concepts, these five basic institutions are called the family, government, economy, education, and religion. The five primary institutions are found among all human groups.

What is the importance of institutions?

Institutions provide roles to individuals: The institutions assign roles to their members based on their age and other yardsticks. Family assigns relationships based on age. Similarly, institutions assign roles to members by defining their relationships.

Why is the family an important institution?

The family performs several essential functions for society. It socializes children, provides emotional and practical support for its members, it helps regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction, and provides its members with a social identity.

What are the three characteristics of an institution?

Characteristics of Institution

• (1) Satisfaction of specific needs: Each institution satisfies some specific needs.

• Institutions are abstract in nature. They are neither visible nor tangible.

• (5) Universality: institutions are universal.

• Institutions like religion, morality, state, government law, legislation, etc. control the behavior of men.

What is the purpose of institutions?

An institution is a social structure in which people cooperate and which influences the behavior of people and the way they live. An institution has a purpose. Institutions are permanent, which means that they do not end when one person is gone. An institution has rules and can enforce rules of human behavior.

Can a person be an institution?

(informal) A person similarly long-established in a place, position, or field. She’s not just any old scholar; she is an institution.

How does a system become an institution?

We call these social systems, institutions. Institutions are the kinds of structures that matter most in the social realm. It’s a system that has taken on a life of its own. It has become institutionalized, such that it is a key aspect of our culture, especially in certain areas.

What is the difference between Organisation and an institution?

An organization is a systematic collection of people, who work together for achieving the desired end, under a common identity. Conversely, an institution is an establishment, that is dedicated to promoting a specific cause that can be educational, professional, social, etc.

The behavior of an individual

Roles of Individuals within the Classroom The following are some of the roles that can cause trouble in the classroom:

1. Leader

A leadership role is available in almost every group. The role varies according to the group's purpose, makeup, and activities. Within the same group, different people may act as leaders in different activities. For example, a student who is a leader in one activity may be assigned a different role in the other activity, which creates a problem when a person is exhibiting different roles he/she may not restrain him/herself from the other role. Group leaders tend to share certain qualities. They are above average in most respects (intellect, social skills, responsibility, and socioeconomic status). They generally have a highly developed understanding of others, and they embody group ideals. Teachers must be aware that the leaders they appoint are not necessarily the group's natural leaders. Such mismatches often lead to conflict within the group.

2. Clowns

Clowns are individuals who take the position of entertainer of the group. Students sometimes take this role in order to mask feelings of inferiority, thinking it best to make fun of their own before others have a chance. Clowns sometimes help the group and sometimes hinder it. Clowning can be beneficial to both teacher and the group, especially when students are anxious, frustrated, or in need of relief from tension. At times, however, group members may support the disruptive antics of the clown as a way of expressing hostility to the teacher.

3. Fall Guys

A fall guy is an individual who takes blame and punishment in order to gain favor with the group. Members of the group feel free to misbehave knowing that they can set up the fall guy to suffer the penalties. Teachers need to be aware of this kind of manipulation and be sure to focus their corrective actions on the instigator of misbehavior

4. Instigators

Instigators are individuals who cause trouble, but appear not to be involved. They often solve their inner conflicts by getting others to act them out. They may even feel that they are benefiting the victim in some way. Teachers need to look into recurring conflicts carefully to see if there is an unnoticed instigator. It may be necessary to point out this role to the group, as it is often undetected by them. The group may need help in recognizing and discouraging this role.

Teachers Role to Optimize the Functioning of Group:

All of the roles described here are played by individuals in groups either because the role fills a strong personal need or because the group expects or enjoys it. By playing a role, an individual finds a place within the group one of the main desires of almost all students, and becomes a functioning part of the group.

1. Psychological Roles of Teachers:

The ways in which groups and individuals behave in the classroom are greatly influenced by how they perceive the teacher. Like it or not, teachers fill many different roles and present many different images.

2. Representatives of society:

Teachers reflect and develop values, moral attitudes, and thinking patterns typical of the community. Teachers also judge students' behavior, character, work, and progress.

3. Source of knowledge:

Teachers are the primary source of knowledge, a resource from which to obtain information. Teachers help students learn by giving directions, furnishing information, requiring that work be done, removing obstacles to learning, and facilitating problem-solving.

4. Role of Director

Teachers arbitrate and make decisions when disputes arise. They maintain security in the classroom; discover wrongdoing, and hand out consequences. They are responsible to model customs, manners, values, and beliefs that students are to imitate. This all ultimately helps to anxiety by maintaining standards of behavior, consistent environments, regular schedules, and freedom from danger or threat. 

As you can see, teachers are assigned many roles by students. Sometimes they have little choice about those roles, but they can usually decide in part on the roles and on how and when to assume them. They may assume some roles wholeheartedly and avoid others completely, depending on how they wish to relate to students. Sometimes they may adopt or avoid certain roles if they are aware of a strong group need. In any event, teachers need to be sure that they are steady and consistent in the roles they do assume. 

Role of School and Teacher in Modeling the Individual Behavior 

A teacher who continually points out the bad behavior of a particular child is possibly setting up a non-conducive environment that will allow the students and the teacher to produce their anger and aggression. 

A teacher who openly criticizes a particular manual/rule that he/she is required to use is, without realizing it, encouraging the children to resist the work associated with that manual. One of the reasons for the children’s so-called negativity may be their identification with the teacher. If she does not like the manual, they won’t like it or want to use it. So, although the pupils’ behavior is reflecting their alliance with the teacher, their negative behavior may be interpreted as disobedience.

 If the teacher goes on this assumption, without checking with her students, he/she may feel justified in scolding the students. Unconsciously, the children’s behavior gives the teacher the excuse to scold them, rationalizing that they were not doing their work properly. He/she feels justified in showing anger toward bad kids rather than acknowledging her/his own anger and frustration. 

Often teachers and class, or the whole school, staff and pupils, “the group as a whole,” struggle with such problems as severe anxiety, fear of other attacks, discomfort within the school itself, and diversity of ethnicity, and language. The enormous psychological power of many individuals in a group situation may create behavioral reactions that would not occur in a one-to-one situation. 

The group-as-a-whole produces an entirely different personality than that of the individuals from whom the character emerged. In other words, the characteristics of the class group are broader and more encompassing than that of one individual student. “Class as a whole” issues also lead to role-taking by individual members or role assignment to members via group pressure. 

For example, if a lesson is boring, some students will invariably become “timekeepers,” letting the teacher know that 49 the class has had enough, or the “class clown” will distract the lesson with jokes and funny behavior. Children’s methods of developing a sense of safety within the class setting are understandably weak and often regressive. The methods they use will be determined by ego and superego development, as well as control over impulsive behavior. This developmental process will determine how much psychic energy is available to focus on the subject at hand. 

There are many other dynamic conditions that emerge in school settings without the knowledge of the participants. For example, teachers may use punitive disciplinary tactics because of their own overly strict upbringing, or they may encourage raucous acting out because of their desire to be rebellious. Most teachers would agree that class order or class control is an important challenge. In order to address the issues of class order and to create an environment most conducive to classroom learning, it is helpful to understand the causes of class management difficulties.